The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has given rise to unprecedented challenges for organizations of all shapes and sizes, from world governments and health care systems to local restaurants and retailers. As companies seek to navigate a path forward, privacy and data security concerns have become a central issue. For example, many companies are facing difficult questions about how to ensure they are complying with applicable privacy laws while also being transparent with employees, customers, and the public. Concurrently, hackers and other bad actors are taking advantage of the crisis to spread their own kinds of viruses and malware to infect and disrupt company systems and gain access to sensitive information.
In response to the issues faced and the questions being asked by organizations, regulators in the United States, United Kingdom (UK), and European Union (EU) have issued guidance on the privacy and data security implications of COVID-19 and how organizations respond. While some regulators seem to be taking a very rigid approach to the laws that they enforce, a number of regulators seem to recognize the gravity and pressures of the situation and have issued guidance reflecting the importance of balancing sometimes competing interests. And at last one regulator has issued a waiver of certain rules to facilitate easier online access to telehealth-based healthcare services.1 In this updated client alert, we want to highlight guidance and decisions that have been released since our last Update Alert on March 24. For a list of releases, blog posts, guidance, and other announcements by privacy regulators in the United States, UK, and EU, please see Appendix A.
- Don’t Forget About Privacy Laws. A central theme reiterated by almost every regulator is that the unprecedented nature of the situation does not mean we can ignore or otherwise discount the importance of privacy laws. In Europe, for example, the Belgian regulator emphasized that privacy rights established under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are not incompatible with public health and disease prevention goals. The Italian data protection authority stated that while companies are allowed to collect information related to COVID-19 symptoms, it must be done in a way consistent with the GDPR’s privacy principles. In the United States, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance, among other reasons, “to serve as a reminder that the protections of the [HIPAA] Privacy Rule are not set aside during an emergency.”
- Know What Law Applies. The rapid pace at which decisions must be made in the face of a crisis like this pandemic makes it easy to forget the maze of privacy laws that may apply to a company’s data-handling activities. This is especially true in the United States, where different laws may apply depending on the context in which the data at issue was collected. For example, as part of its guidance, HHS sought to remind readers that the HIPAA Privacy Rule applies only to covered entities (health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers) and business associates. HIPAA does not apply generally to health-related information in the hands of companies that are not covered entities or business associates, though other laws may. Likewise in the EU, member states may interpret and therefore apply GDPR differently. Being clear as to which jurisdiction’s laws apply, or which laws apply within a jurisdiction, is critical.
- Be Mindful About the Information You Collect and How You Collect It. Companies should not assume that because they think collecting certain information will be important to their COVID-19 response, they are allowed to collect the information – or require it of their employees or customers. For example, the CNIL in France has said that companies should refrain from collecting information related to possible COVID-19 symptoms presented by employees, visitors, or customers, and that the collection and assessment of information related to COVID-19 symptoms is the responsibility of public health authorities, not individual companies. In contrast the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) has recognized that it may be proportionate to collect data regarding where employees and visitors to offices have travelled or whether they have symptoms. The Irish data protection authority stated that while “[d]ata protection law does not stand in the way of the provision of healthcare and the management of public health issues,” companies still have an obligation to ensure that the measures they take in response with respect to personal data “should be necessary and proportionate.”
- Understand How You Will Use and Share the Information You Collect Before Collecting It. If you are collecting information for purposes related to your company’s response to the pandemic, consider appropriate controls and safeguards to ensure that such information is used only for that purpose. The guidance from the ICO in the UK explained that it is acceptable to inform staff that a co-worker has contracted the virus but this can be done without disclosing the name of the individual unless necessary. And German data protection authorities explained that information collected for the purpose of COVID-19 containment may be used only for that purpose and must be deleted once the pandemic is contained. In the United States, HHS guidance emphasized that disclosure should be limited “to that which is the ‘minimum necessary’ to accomplish the purpose.”
- Stay Alert for Fraudsters and Other Bad Actors. Data security and good cyber hygiene remain critical components of any company’s response plans, particularly in light of the extensive remote working and online activity that will be asked of many employees. In its guidance, the Irish data protection authority affirmed that “[a]ny data processing in the context of preventing the spread of COVID-19 must be carried out in a manner that ensures security of the data, in particular where health data is concerned.” These concerns are heightened by the fact that many bad actors are seeking to leverage the crisis to their own advantage – see, for example, the COVID-19 tracking app for Android that has been identified as ransomware.2 In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration issued warning letters to seven companies selling scam COVID-19 treatments, the FTC is warning consumers to be particularly cautious about clicking on links from sources they do not know, and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency in the Department of Homeland Security has issued a Cyber Alert “reminding individuals to remain vigilant for scams related” to COVID-19. Even state agencies have been active, warning consumers and companies alike to stay vigilant.
March 24, 2020 Alert
Since our March 19, 2020 Client Alert, additional guidance has been issued by U.S., UK, and EU regulators that underscores the main points above, including specific recommendations for remote work and cybersecurity. For example, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently released a bulletin highlighting its Special Publication Series on enterprise risks related to remote work environments, which focuses on best practices for managing risk. Likewise, the EU and several member states have issued similar cybersecurity considerations: the Irish Data Protection Commission notes that organizations should clearly document telework policies, and the EU Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) notes, among other cybersecurity tips, that such policies should include clear escalation processes should vulnerabilities be identified or exploited.
Moreover, regulators continue to express that reasonable data collection and usage practices likely do not violate applicable privacy laws. For example, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) published a Frequently Asked Questions platform for high-level issues that may arise during this time, it has updated its Pandemic Preparedness guidelines to account for COVID-19, and issued guidance regarding the application of anti-discrimination laws in the workplace. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a declaratory ruling confirming that the COVID-19 “constitutes an ‘emergency’ under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA)” and therefore healthcare providers and government officials may communicate about the virus, its causes, and mitigating factors, without violating TCPA.
UPDATE: March 31, 2020
On March 24, 2020, three U.S. Senators sent a letter to the Chairman and Commissioners of the FTC and to the Secretary of Education noting that “[s]tudent privacy must not fall by the wayside as the current pandemic moves learning from the classroom to online offerings at home.” Specifically, they sought clarification on how FERPA and COPPA applies to education technology services and providers and urged the agencies to release joint guidance on this issue. The letter does not address the memo or FAQs recently published by the Student Privacy Policy Office of the Department of Education. However, it does serve as a reminder to providers of remote-learning technologies and platforms, as well as other platforms that serve children and families, to be mindful of these laws and how the laws apply to different platforms and services.
In California, reports suggest that a coalition of businesses have sought to delay enforcement of the California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA), based, in part, on the impact of COVID-19. These reports indicate that the Office of the California Attorney General (CA AG), however, has rejected the request.3 CCPA has been in force since January 1, 2020, and the CA AG can begin taking enforcement actions on July 1, 2020.
Willkie is continuing to monitor the regulators’ responses and will provide regular updates. Meanwhile, if you have any questions about whether your plans potentially trigger any privacy or data security concerns, please do not hesitate to reach out to Willkie’s team of experts.
Appendix A: Regulator Guidance, Releases, and Blog Posts
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1 See Press Release, Dep’t of Health and Human Services, OCR Announces Notification of Enforcement Discretion for Telehealth Remote Communications During the COVID-19 Nationwide Public Health Emergency, March 17, 2020, here.
2 See, e.g., Coronavirus tracking app is actually malware, AndroidCommunity.com, March 17, 2020, here.
3 See e.g., COVID-19 Will Apparently Not Delay CCPA, The National Law Review (Mar. 26, 2020), here.
